Patterns in water relations of central Himalayan trees
نویسندگان
چکیده
We measured water relations of 11 tree species from tropical to cool-temperate forests at 450-2310 m elevation in the central Himalaya of India, including water potential (ψ), leaf conductance (gl), osmotic potential (ψs), an index of tissue elasticity (ε), relative water content at turgor loss (RWCz), and four aspects of twig xylem conductance. We sought to determine the degree, timing, and distribution of lowψ; the variation in properties with tree growth form, phylogenetic origin, and distribution of the species; and responses and possible adaptations to drought. Study species represented dominant canopy evergreen angiosperms (Shorea robusta Gaertn., Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus, Q. floribunda Lindley ex A. Camus), an evergreen canopy oak of limited local importance (Q. lanata Smith), undercanopy evergreen angiosperms with a wide (Rhododendron arboreum Smith) and restricted (Machilus duthiei King) distribution, winter-deciduous angiosperm canopy trees of subordinate importance (Carpinus viminea Lindley, Cornus macrophylla Wall., Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh.), and canopy conifers with a wide (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) and restricted (Cupressus torulosa D. Don) distribution. The lowest ψ values in our study were moderately severe, compared to trees in other climatic zones and to a subsequent drought year in our region. ψ declined at higher elevations, and was lowest during the hot season before monsoon rains and, for four high elevation species, in winter; secondary lows occurred in early summer. Shorea robusta, from the lowest elevation, had the highestψ; Pinus roxburghii and Cornus macrophylla were also usually high. Predawn ψ did not vary consistently with growth form. Widely distributed species had higher ψ, more elastic tissue, and a lower RWCz than localized species. Canopy species had a higher proportion of active twig xylem than undercanopy species. Oaks had more xylem and higher twig xylem conductance per unit leaf area than other genera. Conifers displayed higher ψs, more elastic tissue, and a higher proportion of active twig xylem, but much lower leaf-specific twig xylem conductance, than associated angiosperms. Deciduous species had higher twig xylem conductance than evergreen angiosperms, but often differed from each other. gl declined with elevation, but did not differ among groups of species. Resumen: Medimos las relaciones hídricas de 11 especies arbóreas de bosques tropicales y templados frescos, en elevaciones de 450-2310 m, en la porción central de los Himalayas, India, incluyendo el potencial hídrico (Ψ), la conductancia foliar (g1), el potencial osmótico (Ψs), un índice de elasticidad del tejido (ε), el contenido relativo de agua a la pérdida de turgencia (RWCz) y cuatro aspectos de la conductancia del xilema de las ramillas. Buscamos determinar el grado, la temporalidad y la distribución de valores bajos de ψ, la variación en las propiedades con la forma * Corresponding Author; email: [email protected] Present Address: Surendra P. Singh, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar 246 174, (U.A.) India; Satish C. Garkoti, Department of Ecology, Assam University, Silchar 788 015, Assam, India; C.M.S. Negi, Uttaranchal Seeds and T.D.C. Corporation, House no. 61, Kalidas Road, Dehradun 263 146, Uttaranchal, India. 160 WATER RELATIONS PATTERNS de crecimiento del árbol, el origen filogenético y la distribución de las especies; y las respuestas y posibles adaptaciones a la sequía. Las especies de estudio incluyeron angiospermas perennifolias dominantes del dosel (Shorea robusta Gaertn., Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus, Q. floribunda Lindley ex A. Camus), un encino perennifolio del dosel de importancia local limitada (Q. lanata Smith), angiospermas del subdosel de distribución amplia (Rhododendron arboretum Smith) y restringida (Machilus duthiei King), angiospermas arbóreas del dosel deciduas de invierno de importancia subordinada (Carpinus viminea Lindley, Cornus marcrophylla Wall., Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh.), y coníferas del dosel de distribución amplia (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) y restringida (Cupressus torulosa D. Don). Los valores más bajos de Ψ en nuestro estudio fueron moderadamente severos en comparación con árboles en otras zonas climáticas y con un año seco subsecuente en nuestra región. Ψ disminuyó hacia las mayores elevaciones y tuvo sus valores más bajos durante la estación caliente antes de las lluvias monzónicas y, para cuatro especies de alta altitud, en el invierno; valores bajos secundarios se presentaron al principio del verano. Shorea robusta, presente en el sitio de menor elevación, tuvo el Ψ más alto, Pinus roxburghii y Cornus macrophylla también fueron inusualmente altos. El valor de Ψ antes del amanecer no varió consistentemente con la forma de crecimiento. Las especies ampliamente distribuidas tuvieron mayores Ψ, un tejido más elástico, y un RWCz más bajo que las especies de distribución localizada. Las especies del dosel tuvieron una mayor proporción de xilema activo en las ramillas que las especies del subdosel. Los encinos tuvieron más xilema y una mayor conductancia en el xilema de las ramillas por unidad de área foliar que los otros géneros. Las coníferas mostraron mayores Ψs, tejido más elástico y una mayor proporción de xilema activo en las ramillas, pero una conductancia específica de la hoja en el xilema de las ramillas mucho más baja que las angiosperams asociadas con ellas. Las especies deciduas tuvieron una mayor conductancia de xilema de las ramillas que las angiospermas perennifolias, pero con frecuencia difirieron entre sí. g1 disminuyó con la altitud, pero no difirió entre grupos de especies. Resumo: Mediram-se as relações hídricas em 11 espécies arbóreas de florestas tropicais a temperadas frias num intervalo de altitude entre os 450-2310m nos Himalaias centrais da Índia, incluindo o potencial hídrico (Ψ), condutância foliar (g1), potencial osmótico (Ψs), índice de elasticidade dos tecidos (ε), teor relativo em água ao nível de perda de turgescência (RWCz), e quatro aspectos da condutância do xilema dos ramos. Procurou-se determinar o grau, a altura e distribuição do mais baixo valor de ψ, a variância nas propriedades com a forma de crescimento da árvore, origem filogenética e distribuição das espécies, bem como respostas e possíveis adaptações à secura. As espécies estudadas representavam as angiospérmicas dominantes no copado sempreverde (Shorea robusta Gaertn., Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus, Q. floribunda Lindley ex A. Camus), um carvalho sempreverde de importância local limitada (Q. lanata Smith), e angiospérmicas sempreverdes do sub-coberto com um distribuição alargada (Rhododendron arboretum Smith) e restrita (Machilus duthiei King), e angiospérmicas decíduas de Inverno de importância subordinada (Carpinus viminea Lindley, Cornus marcrophylla Wall., Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh.), e coníferas com uma distribuição alargada (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) e restrita (Cupressus torulosa D. Don). Os valores mais baixos de Ψ encontrados no nosso estudo foram moderadamente severos, em comparação com árvores de outras zonas climáticas e a subsequentes anos secos na nossa região. O valor de Ψ desceu a altas elevações e foi o mais baixo durante a estação quente antes das chuvas de monção, e para quatro espécies de alta altitude no Inverno; valores baixos secundários ocorreram no início do verão., Na elevação mais baixa, a Shorea robusta apresentou o valor de Ψ mais elevado, sendo este valor também usualmente elevado para a Pinus roxburghii e Cornus macrophylla. No início da madrugada o Ψ não variou consistentemente com a forma de crescimento. As espécies com larga distribuição apresentaram um Ψ mais elevado, tecidos mais elásticos, e menor RWC em comparação com as espécies localizadas. O copado das árvores apresentaram uma maior proporção de xilema activo do que o das espécies do sub-coberto. Os carvalhos tinham mais xilema e maior condutância no
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